I've refactored state management more times than I care to admit. Started with Redux because everyone was using it. Then moved to Context API because Redux felt like overkill. Then discovered Zustand and wondered why I'd been writing so much boilerplate. Then React Query changed how I think about server state entirely. Here's what I've learned from building production applications with different state management approaches. ## Table of Contents - [The Core Problem](#the-core-problem) - [Understanding State Types](#understanding-state-types) - [Quick Decision Guide](#quick-decision-guide) - [Redux: Still Relevant, But Less Popular](#redux-still-relevant-but-less-popular) - [Zustand: Redux Without the Boilerplate](#zustand-redux-without-the-boilerplate) - [Jotai: Atomic State Management](#jotai-atomic-state-management) - [React Query: For Server State](#react-query-for-server-state) - [Context API: Built-in Solution](#context-api-built-in-solution) - [URL State: For Shareable State](#url-state-for-shareable-state) - [Comparison Table](#comparison-table) - [Common Pitfalls](#common-pitfalls) - [My Recommended Stack](#my-recommended-stack) ## The Core Problem State management in React comes down to one question: **where do you put data that multiple components need?** You have a few options: - Pass props down (prop drilling) - Lift state up (works until it doesn't) - Use a state management library (the real solution) But which library? That's where it gets interesting. ## Understanding State Types Before comparing solutions, let's clarify something important: **not all state is the same**. | | Description | Characteristics | |-----------|-------------|-----------------| | **Server state** | Data from APIs, databases, or external sources | Can become stale, needs caching, requires synchronization | | **Client state** | UI state, form inputs, theme preferences | Lives entirely in the browser | | **Derived state** | Computed from other state | Like a filtered list or a total count | Different state types need different solutions. That's why one-size-fits-all approaches often feel clunky. ## Quick Decision Guide | If your state is... | Then use... | Examples | |---------------------|-------------|----------| | **Data from an API** | **React Query** (or SWR) | User profiles, product listings, API responses | | **Shareable/bookmarkable** | **URL State** | Search queries, filters, pagination, view modes | | **Component-specific** | **useState** | Form inputs, toggle states, local UI state | | **Simple & rarely changes** | **Context API** | Theme, simple auth, app configuration | | **Needs atomic/composable state** | **Jotai** (or Recoil) | Complex derived state, fine-grained reactivity | | **Already using Redux** | **Redux Toolkit** | Legacy codebases, existing Redux apps | | **Global client state** (default) | **Zustand** | Shopping carts, modals, user preferences | ## Redux: Still Relevant, But Less Popular Let's be honest: Redux isn't as popular as it used to be. In 2024-2026, most new projects choose Zustand or React Query instead. But Redux still has its place, especially with Redux Toolkit making it less painful. ### Why Redux Lost Popularity **The boilerplate problem**: Classic Redux requires a lot of code for simple operations. Action types, action creators, reducers—it adds up fast. **Better alternatives emerged**: Zustand offers the same benefits with way less code. React Query handles server state better than Redux ever did. **Over-engineering**: Many teams used Redux when they didn't need it, leading to unnecessary complexity. ### Redux Toolkit: The Modern Way If you're going to use Redux, use **Redux Toolkit** (RTK). It reduces boilerplate significantly with `createSlice` and automatic Immer integration. Redux Toolkit is much better than classic Redux, but it's still more verbose than Zustand for simple cases. ### When Redux Still Makes Sense | Good for | Avoid when | |----------|-----------| | Existing Redux codebases | New projects (use Zustand + React Query) | | Large teams with strict patterns | Simple applications | | Complex state machines | Small teams | | Time-travel debugging needs | Server state (use React Query) | | Legacy codebases | When you want less boilerplate | ## Zustand: Redux Without the Boilerplate Zustand is what Redux would be if it were designed today. Same concepts, way less code. No providers, no action creators, no reducers. Just a store and hooks. ### Production Example: Shopping Cart Here's a complete shopping cart implementation with Zustand, including persistence, error handling, and loading states: ```typescript import { create } from 'zustand' import { persist, createJSONStorage } from 'zustand/middleware' import { devtools } from 'zustand/middleware' interface CartItem { id: string name: string price: number quantity: number image?: string } interface CartStore { items: CartItem[] error: string | null addItem: (item: Omit) => void removeItem: (id: string) => void updateQuantity: (id: string, quantity: number) => void clearCart: () => void totalItems: number totalPrice: number getItemQuantity: (id: string) => number } const useCartStore = create()( devtools( persist( (set, get) => ({ items: [], error: null, addItem: (item) => { const existingItem = get().items.find((i) => i.id === item.id) if (existingItem) { set((state) => ({ items: state.items.map((i) => i.id === item.id ? { ...i, quantity: i.quantity + 1 } : i ), })) } else { set((state) => ({ items: [...state.items, { ...item, quantity: 1 }], })) } }, removeItem: (id) => { set((state) => ({ items: state.items.filter((item) => item.id !== id), })) }, updateQuantity: (id, quantity) => { if (quantity <= 0) { get().removeItem(id) return } set((state) => ({ items: state.items.map((item) => item.id === id ? { ...item, quantity } : item ), })) }, clearCart: () => set({ items: [], error: null }), // Computed values get totalItems() { return get().items.reduce((sum, item) => sum + item.quantity, 0) }, get totalPrice() { return get().items.reduce((sum, item) => sum + item.price * item.quantity, 0) }, getItemQuantity: (id) => get().items.find((i) => i.id === id)?.quantity ?? 0, }), { name: 'cart-storage', // localStorage key storage: createJSONStorage(() => localStorage), // Only persist items, not loading/error states partialize: (state) => ({ items: state.items }), } ), { name: 'CartStore' } // DevTools name ) ) // Usage in components function CartButton() { // Only re-renders when totalItems changes const totalItems = useCartStore((state) => state.totalItems) const addItem = useCartStore((state) => state.addItem) return (

) } ``` Key features: persistence (localStorage), selective subscriptions (components only re-render when their selected state changes), error handling, TypeScript support, DevTools integration, and computed values (`totalItems`, `totalPrice`). ### When to Use Zustand | Good for | Avoid when | |----------|-----------| | Most client state needs | Server state (use React Query) | | When Redux feels like overkill | Need Redux's ecosystem/tooling | | Global UI state (theme, modals, etc.) | Complex state machines (consider XState) | | Form state that needs to be shared | | | Shopping carts, user preferences | | ### Why Zustand Over Custom Solutions? Zustand provides **selective subscriptions**, **no provider hell** (works without wrapping your app), **built-in DevTools**, **middleware ecosystem** (persist, immer, etc.), and **excellent TypeScript inference**. For extremely simple state, Context API is fine. But for most cases, Zustand's 1KB bundle size and zero boilerplate make it better than rolling your own. ## Jotai: Atomic State Management Jotai takes a different approach: atomic state. Instead of one big store, you have many small atoms that compose together. Atoms are composable—you can derive new atoms from existing ones, creating a graph of state dependencies. **Note**: Recoil is another atomic state management library by Meta. Jotai is generally preferred for its smaller bundle size and better TypeScript support, but Recoil is worth considering if you're already using other Meta libraries. ### Production Example: Complex Derived State Here's a real-world example managing product filters with complex derived state: ```typescript import { atom, useAtom, useAtomValue } from 'jotai' import { atomWithStorage } from 'jotai/utils' // Base atoms - individual pieces of state const searchQueryAtom = atom('') const selectedCategoryAtom = atom(null) const priceRangeAtom = atom<[number, number]>([0, 1000]) const sortByAtom = atomWithStorage<'price' | 'name' | 'rating'>('sortBy', 'price') const itemsPerPageAtom = atom(12) const currentPageAtom = atom(1) // Derived atom: filter function const filterFunctionAtom = atom((get) => { const query = get(searchQueryAtom).toLowerCase() const category = get(selectedCategoryAtom) const [minPrice, maxPrice] = get(priceRangeAtom) return (product: Product) => { // Search query filter if (query && !product.name.toLowerCase().includes(query)) { return false } // Category filter if (category && product.category !== category) { return false } // Price range filter if (product.price < minPrice || product.price > maxPrice) { return false } return true } }) // Derived atom: filtered products const filteredProductsAtom = atom((get) => { const filterFn = get(filterFunctionAtom) const allProducts = get(allProductsAtom) // Assume this comes from React Query return allProducts.filter(filterFn) }) // Derived atom: sorted products const sortedProductsAtom = atom((get) => { const products = get(filteredProductsAtom) const sortBy = get(sortByAtom) return [...products].sort((a, b) => { switch (sortBy) { case 'price': return a.price - b.price case 'name': return a.name.localeCompare(b.name) case 'rating': return b.rating - a.rating default: return 0 } }) }) // Components only re-render when their atoms change function ProductList() { const products = useAtomValue(sortedProductsAtom) const [searchQuery, setSearchQuery] = useAtom(searchQueryAtom) const [category, setCategory] = useAtom(selectedCategoryAtom) return (

setSearchQuery(e.target.value)} /> {products.map((product) => ( ))}

) } ``` Key benefits: fine-grained reactivity (components only re-render when their atoms change), composable derived state, automatic updates, TypeScript inference, and persistence support. ### When to Use Jotai | Good for | Avoid when | |----------|-----------| | Complex derived state | Simple state (use Zustand or local state) | | Fine-grained control | Single store model preference | | Applications with many independent state pieces | Team unfamiliar with atomic patterns | | Async state management | | ## React Query: For Server State React Query (TanStack Query) isn't just a state management library—it's a server state solution. It handles caching, refetching, background updates, and error states automatically. **Alternative**: SWR by Vercel is another excellent server state solution. React Query (TanStack Query) is more feature-rich, but SWR is simpler and has a smaller API surface. Both are excellent choices. ### Production Example: Authentication Flow Here's a complete authentication implementation with React Query, including token management, automatic refresh, and protected routes: ```typescript import { useQuery, useMutation, useQueryClient } from '@tanstack/react-query' import { create } from 'zustand' import { persist } from 'zustand/middleware' // API functions async function loginUser(credentials: { email: string; password: string }) { const res = await fetch('/api/auth/login', { method: 'POST', headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' }, body: JSON.stringify(credentials), }) if (!res.ok) throw new Error('Invalid credentials') return res.json() } async function fetchCurrentUser(token: string) { const res = await fetch('/api/user/me', { headers: { Authorization: `Bearer ${token}` }, }) if (!res.ok) throw new Error('Failed to fetch user') return res.json() } // Auth store with Zustand (for client-side auth state) interface AuthStore { token: string | null setToken: (token: string | null) => void logout: () => void } const useAuthStore = create()( persist( (set) => ({ token: null, setToken: (token) => set({ token }), logout: () => set({ token: null }), }), { name: 'auth-storage' } ) ) // React Query hooks function useLogin() { const queryClient = useQueryClient() const setToken = useAuthStore((state) => state.setToken) return useMutation({ mutationFn: loginUser, onSuccess: (data) => { setToken(data.token) queryClient.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: ['currentUser'] }) }, }) } function useCurrentUser() { const token = useAuthStore((state) => state.token) return useQuery({ queryKey: ['currentUser', token], queryFn: () => fetchCurrentUser(token!), enabled: !!token, staleTime: 5 * 60 * 1000, retry: (failureCount, error) => { if (error instanceof Error && error.message.includes('401')) return false return failureCount < 3 }, }) } function LoginForm() { const login = useLogin() const [email, setEmail] = useState('') const [password, setPassword] = useState('') return ( ) } function UserProfile() { const { data: user, isLoading, error } = useCurrentUser() const logout = useAuthStore((state) => state.logout) if (isLoading) return

if (error) return

Error: {error.message}

if (!user) return

Not authenticated

return (

Welcome, {user.name}

) } ``` Key features: automatic caching (5 minutes), token management with Zustand persistence, error handling with retry logic, optimistic updates, request deduplication, automatic background refetching, and full TypeScript support. ### When to Use React Query | Good for | Avoid when | |----------|-----------| | Any data from an API | Client-only state (use Zustand or local state) | | Data that needs to stay fresh | Simple static data | | Complex data fetching logic | Data that doesn't come from an API | | Pagination, infinite scroll | | | Real-time data synchronization | | ## Context API: Built-in Solution React's Context API is built-in and works fine for simple cases. No external dependencies. ### Production Example: Theme Management Here's a simple theme implementation with persistence: ```typescript import { createContext, useContext, useEffect, useState } from 'react' interface ThemeContextType { theme: 'light' | 'dark' setTheme: (theme: 'light' | 'dark') => void toggleTheme: () => void } const ThemeContext = createContext(undefined) function ThemeProvider({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) { const [theme, setTheme] = useState<'light' | 'dark'>(() => { if (typeof window === 'undefined') return 'light' const stored = localStorage.getItem('theme') return (stored as 'light' | 'dark') || 'light' }) useEffect(() => { document.documentElement.classList.remove('light', 'dark') document.documentElement.classList.add(theme) localStorage.setItem('theme', theme) }, [theme]) const toggleTheme = () => setTheme((prev) => (prev === 'light' ? 'dark' : 'light')) return ( {children} ) } // Custom hook with error handling function useTheme() { const context = useContext(ThemeContext) if (context === undefined) { throw new Error('useTheme must be used within a ThemeProvider') } return context } // Usage in components function ThemeToggle() { const { theme, toggleTheme } = useTheme() return ( ) } ``` Key features: localStorage persistence, SSR-safe, TypeScript support, and simple API. ### When to Use Context API | Good for | Avoid when | |----------|-----------| | Simple theme/configuration | Frequently updating state | | Authentication state (if simple) | Complex state logic | | Small apps with minimal state | Need for middleware/persistence | | State that doesn't change often | Performance-critical applications | | Avoiding external dependencies | | ## URL State: For Shareable State URL state is often overlooked, but it's perfect for certain types of state. If state should be shareable, bookmarkable, or preserved on page refresh, it belongs in the URL. ### Production Example: Search with Filters and React Query Here's a complete search implementation combining URL state with React Query, including debouncing, pagination, error handling, and loading states: ```typescript 'use client' import { useRouter, useSearchParams } from 'next/navigation' import { useQuery } from '@tanstack/react-query' import { useCallback, useMemo, useState, useEffect } from 'react' import { useDebouncedCallback } from 'use-debounce' interface SearchFilters { query: string category: string | null minPrice: number | null maxPrice: number | null sort: 'relevance' | 'price-asc' | 'price-desc' | 'date' page: number } interface SearchResult { id: string title: string price: number category: string image: string } interface SearchResponse { results: SearchResult[] total: number page: number totalPages: number } async function searchProducts(filters: SearchFilters): Promise { const params = new URLSearchParams() if (filters.query) params.set('q', filters.query) if (filters.category) params.set('category', filters.category) if (filters.minPrice !== null) params.set('minPrice', filters.minPrice.toString()) if (filters.maxPrice !== null) params.set('maxPrice', filters.maxPrice.toString()) params.set('sort', filters.sort) params.set('page', filters.page.toString()) const res = await fetch(`/api/products/search?${params.toString()}`) if (!res.ok) throw new Error('Search failed') return res.json() } // Custom hook: URL state management function useSearchFilters() { const router = useRouter() const searchParams = useSearchParams() const filters = useMemo(() => ({ query: searchParams.get('q') || '', category: searchParams.get('category'), minPrice: searchParams.get('minPrice') ? parseInt(searchParams.get('minPrice')!) : null, maxPrice: searchParams.get('maxPrice') ? parseInt(searchParams.get('maxPrice')!) : null, sort: (searchParams.get('sort') as SearchFilters['sort']) || 'relevance', page: parseInt(searchParams.get('page') || '1'), }), [searchParams]) const updateFilters = useCallback((updates: Partial) => { const newFilters = { ...filters, ...updates } if (updates.page === undefined && Object.keys(updates).length > 0) { newFilters.page = 1 } const params = new URLSearchParams() if (newFilters.query) params.set('q', newFilters.query) if (newFilters.category) params.set('category', newFilters.category) if (newFilters.minPrice !== null) params.set('minPrice', newFilters.minPrice.toString()) if (newFilters.maxPrice !== null) params.set('maxPrice', newFilters.maxPrice.toString()) params.set('sort', newFilters.sort) params.set('page', newFilters.page.toString()) router.push(`/search?${params.toString()}`, { scroll: false }) }, [filters, router]) return { filters, updateFilters } } function SearchPage() { const { filters, updateFilters } = useSearchFilters() const [inputValue, setInputValue] = useState(filters.query) useEffect(() => setInputValue(filters.query), [filters.query]) const debouncedUpdateQuery = useDebouncedCallback( (query: string) => updateFilters({ query }), 300 ) const { data, isLoading, isError, error, isFetching } = useQuery({ queryKey: ['search', filters], queryFn: () => searchProducts(filters), enabled: filters.query.length > 0 || filters.category !== null, staleTime: 30 * 1000, keepPreviousData: true, }) return (

{ setInputValue(e.target.value) debouncedUpdateQuery(e.target.value) }} placeholder="Search products..." /> {isFetching && Searching...}

updateFilters({ category: c })} /> updateFilters({ minPrice: min, maxPrice: max })} /> updateFilters({ sort: s })} />

{isLoading &&

} {isError &&

Error: {error instanceof Error ? error.message : 'Search failed'}

} {data && ( <>

Found {data.total} results

{data.results.map((product) => ( ))} {data.totalPages > 1 && (

Page {data.page} of {data.totalPages}

)} )}

) } ``` Key features: URL state for shareability/bookmarking, debounced search, React Query integration, pagination, loading/error states, and TypeScript support. **Benefits**: Shareable URLs (users can copy/bookmark state), browser navigation (back/forward works), SSR support, and SEO-friendly. ### When to Use URL State | Good for | Avoid when | |----------|-----------| | Search queries and filters | Form inputs (unless you want them in URL) | | Pagination state | UI-only state (modals, dropdowns, tooltips) | | Tab/panel selection (if shareable) | Sensitive data (passwords, tokens) | | View modes (list/grid, sort order) | Large/complex objects (URL length limits) | | Modal/dialog state (if shareable) | Frequently changing state (history spam) | | State that should be preserved on refresh | Temporary state (loading, errors) | | State that should be shareable via URL | | ### Best Practices - **Keep URLs clean**: Only include essential parameters (`/search?q=react&page=1&sort=date`, not `/search?q=react&page=1&sort=date&filter=all&view=list&theme=dark`) - **Use default values**: `const query = searchParams.get('q') || ''` - **Debounce search inputs**: Use `useDebouncedCallback` to avoid history spam - **Sync with React Query**: URL state stores parameters, React Query fetches data **Common patterns**: Search with filters (`/products?category=electronics&sort=price`), pagination (`/posts?page=3`), and shareable modals (`/products?modal=details&id=123`). ## Comparison Table | Feature | Redux | Zustand | Jotai | React Query | Context API | URL State | |---------|-------|---------|-------|-------------|-------------|-----------| | **Bundle Size** | ~12KB | ~1KB | ~3KB | ~13KB | 0KB (built-in) | 0KB (built-in) | | **Boilerplate** | High | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | | **Learning Curve** | Steep | Easy | Medium | Medium | Easy | Easy | | **DevTools** | Excellent | Good | Good | Excellent | None | Browser DevTools | | **TypeScript** | Good | Excellent | Excellent | Excellent | Good | Good | | **Server State** | ❌ | ❌ | ⚠️ | ✅ | ❌ | ❌ | | **Client State** | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ (shareable) | | **Shareable** | ❌ | ❌ | ❌ | ❌ | ❌ | ✅ | | **Bookmarkable** | ❌ | ❌ | ❌ | ❌ | ❌ | ✅ | | **Performance** | Good | Excellent | Excellent | Excellent | Poor (frequent updates) | Good | | **Middleware** | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ | ❌ | ## Common Pitfalls ### 1. Using Redux for Everything Don't put everything in Redux. Server state belongs in React Query. Simple UI state can be local. ### 2. Over-using Context API Context API causes re-renders. If state updates frequently, use Zustand instead. ### 3. Mixing Server and Client State Keep them separate. React Query for server, Zustand/Redux for client. ### 4. Not Using Selectors In Redux, always use selectors. In Zustand, select only what you need: ```typescript // ❌ Bad - re-renders on any store change const store = useCounterStore() // ✅ Good - only re-renders when count changes const count = useCounterStore((state) => state.count) ``` ## My Recommended Stack For most applications, I use this combination: 1. **React Query** for all server state - API calls, data fetching, caching - Handles loading/error states automatically 2. **URL State** for shareable state - Search queries, filters, pagination - View modes, sort order - Anything that should be bookmarkable or shareable 3. **Zustand** for global client state - Theme, user preferences, UI state - Shopping carts, modals, navigation - State that doesn't need to be in URL 4. **Local state** (useState) for component-specific state - Form inputs, toggle states - Most common case Here's how they work together: ```typescript function ProductListingPage() { // URL State: shareable search/filters const searchParams = useSearchParams() const query = searchParams.get('q') || '' // React Query: server data with caching const { data: products } = useQuery({ queryKey: ['products', query], queryFn: () => fetchProducts({ query }), }) // Zustand: global cart state const totalItems = useCartStore((state) => state.totalItems) const addToCart = useCartStore((state) => state.addItem) // Local state: component-specific UI const [showModal, setShowModal] = useState(false) return (

{products?.map(product => ( addToCart(product)} /> ))}

) } ``` This covers 95% of use cases without Redux's complexity. ## Further Reading - [Zustand Documentation](https://docs.pmnd.rs/zustand/getting-started/introduction) - Recommended for most client state - [React Query (TanStack Query) Documentation](https://tanstack.com/query/latest) - Essential for server state - [Jotai Documentation](https://jotai.org/) - For atomic/composable state patterns - [Redux Toolkit Documentation](https://redux-toolkit.js.org/) - If working with existing Redux codebases - [React Query Best Practices](https://tkdodo.eu/blog/practical-react-query) - Excellent guide by the maintainer - [Zustand vs Redux: A Comparison](https://github.com/pmndrs/zustand/wiki/Redux-Comparison) - Helpful migration reference - [SWR Documentation](https://swr.vercel.app/) - Alternative to React Query - [Recoil Documentation](https://recoiljs.org/) - Alternative to Jotai

Posts tagged: Performance

GraphQL Performance Optimization: Solving N+1 Queries and Beyond